 Outline of Analysis | Metropolitan Hawaii vs. Hawaii Comparative Trends Analysis: Total Employment Growth and Change, 1969-2022 Introduction  Metropolitan Hawaii: 2022 Jobs = 745,619 2022 Percent of State = 82.51% Hawaii: 2022 Jobs = 903,622 2022 Percent of U.S. = 0.43% Employment numbers remain the most popular and frequently cited statistics used for tracking local area economic conditions and trends. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) employment estimates reported measure the number of full- and part-time wage and salary employees, plus the number of proprietors of unincorporated businesses. People holding more than one job are counted in the employment estimates for each job they hold. This means BEA employment estimates represent a job count, not a people count. Also, BEA employment is by place-of-work, rather than by place-of-residence. Jobs held by neighboring county residents who commute to Metropolitan Hawaii to work are included in the employment count for Metropolitan Hawaii. Data Definition: The BEA employment series for states and local areas comprises estimates of the number of jobs, full-time plus part-time, by place of work. Full-time and part-time jobs are counted at equal weight. Employees, sole proprietors, and active partners are included, but unpaid family workers and volunteers are not included. Proprietors employment consists of the number of sole proprietorships and the number of partners in partnerships. The description "by place of work" applies to the wage and salary portion of the series and, with relatively little error, to the entire series. The proprietors employment portion of the series, however, is more nearly by place of residence because, for nonfarm sole proprietorships, the estimates are based on IRS tax data that reflect the address from which the proprietor's individual tax return is filed, which is usually the proprietor's residence. The nonfarm partnership portion of the proprietors employment series reflects the tax-filing address of the partnership, which may be either the residence of one of the partners or the business address of the partnership. The employment estimates are designed to be consistent with the estimates of wages and salaries and proprietors' income that are part of the personal income series. The employment estimates are based on the same sets of source data as the corresponding earnings estimates and are prepared with parallel methodologies. Two forms of proprietors' income-the income of limited partnerships and the income of tax-exempt cooperatives-have no corresponding employment estimates. Total Employment, 1969-2022  Figure 1. Figure 1 tracks Metropolitan Hawaii's annual total employment for the period 1969-2022 to illustrate total employment patterns over time. During this 54-year period, Metropolitan Hawaii's total employment rose from 372,691 in 1969 to 745,619 in 2022, for a net gain of 372,928, or 100.06%. Total Employment, 1969-2022  Figure 2. Figure 2 tracks Hawaii's annual total employment for the period 1969-2022 to illustrate total employment patterns over time. During this 54-year period, Hawaii's total employment rose from 415,912 in 1969 to 903,622 in 2022, for a net gain of 487,710, or 117.26%. Total Employment Indices (1969=100): 1969-2022  Figure 3. Figure 3 portrays Metropolitan Hawaii's total employment growth in a broader context by offering direct comparisons across time with Hawaii, the United States. The growth indices shown here express each region's total employment in 1969 as a base figure of 100, and the total employments in later years as a percentage of the 1969 base figure. This method allows for more direct comparison of differences in total employment growth between regions that may differ vastly in size. Metropolitan Hawaii's overall total employment growth was 100.06% over 1969-2022 trailed Hawaii's increase of 117.26%, and fell below the United States' increase of 133.32%. Total Employment as a Percent of the Hawaii Total: 1969-2022  Figure 4. Another interesting and insightful way of contrasting the total employment growth of Metropolitan Hawaii is to compare its individual percentage contributions to Hawaii's statewide total employment over time, as shown in Figure 4. A rising share means a region's total employment grew faster, or declined less, than Hawaii's total employment, while a declining share shows it grew more slowly. In 1969, Metropolitan Hawaii's total employment totaled 89.61% of Hawaii's total employment, while in 2022 it comprised 82.51% thereby yielding a -7.09% share-shift.
Total Employment Growth: Average Annual Percent Change by Decade  Figure 5. Figure 5 compares the decade average growth rates for Metropolitan Hawaii noted in the previous graph with the corresponding decade averages for Hawaii and the nation. As the chart reveals, Metropolitan Hawaii's average annual total employment growth lagged Hawaii's average in the 1970s (2.83% vs. 2.96%), posted below Hawaii's average during the 1980s (2.08% vs. 2.29%), lagged Hawaii's average throughout the 1990s (0.38% vs. 0.59%), posted below Hawaii's average in the 2000s (1.03% vs. 1.20%), posted below Hawaii's average throughout the 2010s (0.89% vs. 0.98%), and recorded under Hawaii's average over the 3 year period of the current decade, 2020-2022 (-0.25% vs. -0.10%). Finally, relative to nationwide total employment growth trends, Metropolitan Hawaii recorded above the nation over the 1970s (2.83% vs. 2.21%), outpaced the nation over the 1980s (2.08% vs. 1.88%), fell under the nation throughout the 1990s (0.38% vs. 1.73%), surpassed the nation over the 2000s (1.03% vs. 0.74%), recorded underneath the nation throughout the 2010s (0.89% vs. 1.51%), and lagged the nation over 2020-2022 (-0.25% vs. 1.82%). Job Ratios (Employment/Population): 1969-2022  Figure 6. The job ratios shown in Figure 6 for Metropolitan Hawaii, Hawaii and the nation not only portray a number of important trends, they also serves as a thumbnail guide to evaluating an economy's capacity to generate enough jobs fast enough to absorb the increasing number of workers attendant to a growing population. The job ratio is the number of full-time and part-time jobs by place of work, divided by population. Nationally, the job ratio rose from 0.45 to 0.64 between 1969 and 2022. Metropolitan Hawaii's job ratio registered 0.57 in 1969, and 0.64 in 2022. Underlying the rising job ratio over the past several decades have been the increases in the labor force participation rates, with the number and proportion of women in the labor market playing a leading role. An assortment of other factors can contribute to regional differences in the job ratio. They include differences in the proportion of elderly and retirees who no longer work and participate in the labor force, differences in the number and proportion of part-time vs. full-time workers, differences in industry composition, and differences in age and sex distribution and degree of urbanization. Also, a disproportionate number of workers commuting to work outside a county tends to lower its local county job ratio, while a net inflow of workers commuting to work inside the county tends to augment its local county job ratio. Avoid interpreting the job ratio as the fraction (or percent) of the local population employed. This interpretation should only apply to the "employment-population ratio" statistic compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Job Ratios (Employment/Population) as a Percent of the U.S. Average: 1969-2022  Figure 7. To highlight trends in a local job ratio relative to nationwide trends, Figure 7 tracks Metropolitan Hawaii's, Hawaii's job ratio as a percent of the national job ratio over 1969-2022.
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